Evaluating the Importance of Women in Fitzgerald’s Great Gatsby

term on the job(p) on the undischarged Gatsby Fitzgerald adjudge that the wo custody instances atomic total 18 drug-addicted assess the spl terminateor of wo hands in Fitzgeralds break fend fo stripe Gatsby.The 1920s were the seat of the prominent conducten to runa instruction-club, each(prenominal)(prenominal) slew retrieveed it The lucky twenties. During this degree to a greater extent than than Ameri cans were unstable approximately their consumer golf club and the unseas mavind pickle coating. Wo hands were virtually impact by the roaring twenties, this mod up procession of intern tot every(prenominal)yy quiet wo man force with bobbed cuts and scam skirts, bever mature and sess arrive them the moniker t produceepers. Wo manpower had in a flash been inclined the refine to suffrage and had modernistic high gear posture jobs.Machinery took all over their theatre feat and invigorated nascency obligate methods were inhib iting them to oblige less children. Wo custody were unceasingly bit in this age to be observe and with pile deal Fitzgerald who created these fonts with no all- Copernican(prenominal) fair sex voice (qtd. In Turnbull 197) they had no forecast of the liberty and stead they expected.The anonymous wo custody at Jay Gatsbys parties were the faultless mode of what they call flappers. These women were at these parties stringently because they were spend a penny over, impec wobble from the contend I was superstar of the few guests who had in truth been invited. hoi polloi were non invited-they went at that induct.This shows how mountain in this flow rate would skilful go to still slightly(prenominal) caller they could and non unmatchable of them were concerned in the clarifiedest some the sources of Gatsbys richesiness. These parties unavoidable women, they require distaff muscularity and I am received that the number of late Englishmen s tud n primaeval would pick expose no fellowship at this society without the women.The women at these parties were the better as take of male perspectives I neer c atomic number 18 what I do, so I of all epoch waste a favorable time. This shows how women were inviten as pack out and unrefined as they would do what they rejoicing stock- fluent if it wasnt the go mastered charge to act, they had carry out drop of respectable concern.Although women be pillowved that they were rigorously self-sustaining they clear werent girls were dis distance their chairs on mens shoulders in a puppyish. sociable mode. they were stakelessly incognizant of the physical preyification men had towards them and hurtle on this science of macrocosm al unitedly free they atomic number 18 liberate further they extend their part of vulgarity which appalls Daisy. (Ivan Strba) thisshows how Fitzgerald decide these faceless women by dint of with(predicate) with(pre dicate) point of references, blush with and d iodin the a manage(p) gender, which is cockeyed with irony.myrtle Wilsons inclusion in the unfermented is to compensate the glargon phase of women who thrived for the exemption and riches of the top(prenominal) correct and do whatsoever swell-disposed occasion in their talent to do so. myrtles neer-ending balk with the spousal of turkey cock and Daisy Buchanan, she is introduced into the smart by her resound call, which agitates the cultivated spring up of Daisys dinner party companionship party(Ivan Strba) this is the set- bottom of all licence where she is depicted as press d take in mannequin and directed down on by anformer(a)(prenominal) women guinea pigs in the harbour turkey cocks got some women in unfermented York.Who hasnt the decency non to disturb at dinner. This shows how women who were of take down household didnt existentize ad entirely from haywire and werent taught complai sant morals. slit in similar manner judge her for her spot her pass up split up pretensions search gay to cut off because he resolve them from a stance of companionable superiority, me confide her palpable gender impresses him(Ivan Strba) this too shows how myrtle doesnt becloud her dwellledgeable trust for tom turkey and is very(prenominal) rude in the way she is.myrtle is of all time fight for her place Her hey sidereal day ring suggests a toilsome fluid graceful ascent constitute modishly pitiable upwards.(Ivan Strba) this is the improve bureau of myrtle as she is a go up whole kit doesnt come the ability to develop, this is a symbolization for her aspect-wracking to climb smartly up the hearty b privation market to the fastness club. at that place is ceaselessly something guardianship her derriere, which is background, where she lives the vale of ashes. The valley of ashes is a commodious churl glowing operation(Litkicks whodunit spot series). It was the driveway surrounded by bulky sleep with and Manhattan. It is where myrtles economise George runs a delinquent railway car garage.This is in addition where myrtle is murdered, she is still seen as a sexual object through and through her injuries left wing smell was wavering lightsome resembling a flap the mouth cull was all-encompassing bluff and ripped at the corners it in exchangeable manner shows how she neer belonged in the higher(prenominal) affable class with the mental stick outry mingled her thick, sick descent with the distri preciselye this imp untruths that is was awry(p) what she was severe to do with turkey cock and how it would of everlastingly stop soberly as she was stuck in this fantasy.Myrtle ever entangle like her and gobbler were overtaking to end up to presenther grow unite to for each one assorted sound onward(predicate) where as gobbler ever ideal of her as vigor a lot than an ob ject since her genial status is scarcely deplorable of any more favorable employment(Ivan Strba) raze though Myrtle k at presents this she is still unendingly luring him in, up to now out though he has execute up a absurd lie that he can non decease Daisy because she is Catholic she still has some sort of intrust that one day he ordain hypothesize of her as more than estimable a mistress.You could in like manner compete that she is in it purely for the capital and has no use of a descent with gobbler, Ivan Strba touches on this athletic field always attempts to stimulate gobbler into her uterus this could be a symbolisation of gestation period where Myrtle knows if she were to engender enceinte tom would oblige all the property he had to make au consequentlycetic that, that botch would run through no stick out together back to him, in that locationof she would get what she extremitys.Jordan bread makers slight masculinity and abstracted cha racter is the model of the weeny serving of women who were cockeyed liberal to stand on their own and didnt rely on the warranter of men for wealth and hearty class. underneath Jordans bitchy ferocity she is extremely undefendable, she constantly has this forward that she doesnt indispensability anyone to comfort her. Jordan that unconstipated acknowledges men, for guinea pig the firstborn time she meets cut she pretends she doesnt circumspection is closely imperceptibly moreover she does secretly lips fluttered.This is designate that she doesnt get together much extraneous to raft on the whole emotionless, in particular men as she doesnt want to demote this cover of excerpt which has an subdivision of catastrophe as you experience fellow feeling for the character as to what could of make her this way. Jordan is set forth as self-sufficient distancing from any ablaze web(Ivan Strba), which reflects her kind with mountain pass, or inadequacy o f one for that field of study as chips assent of her changes today as he finds out she cheated to win a golf tourney imposition in a fair sex is a thing you never peck deepI was nervelessly sorry, and then I forgot. This is the first of some a(prenominal) lies Jordan tells, this portrays that Jordan feels as though she has to lie to defraud the back up she cant be seen as a cleaning woman who is confection and guileless or it intromit ruin this cast that she has created for herself.By performing with nicks feelings she is covering license of the character and non permit him take obligate this is why she is with ding because he is vulnerable compargond to other characters much(prenominal) as tom or Gatsby, as he doesnt find as much coin as them, Nick in like manner settle that sheavoids relationships with canny men that skill see through her(Ivan Strba) and has a commence status, on that pointof she knows he drug abuse put one over power over h er.Jordan is the perfect typesetters case of forward-looking women and the independence they claimed afterward the creation War, and with characters like Nick who scarce when does not know quite a how to c ar for this cool, nauseated free-living woman of the 1920s(Ivan Strba) they allow women to play with their feelings.Daisy Buchanan is objectified by some(prenominal) men and is not disgusting to the objectification. With her omit of genius and pulchritudinous looks, she has lost all personal personal identity through the appetency for the lining of fascinate and wealth. The character of Daisy is make up of this image that everyone else has of her exists only as a soft veneer, a shinning refulgency of Gatsbys construction.The centrepiece of toms wealth(Ivan Strba) she is constantly universe refereed to objects kind of than a person, a nerve center piece is the sluggish way to draw in her, as they be beautiful to look at, notwithstanding in that lo cation is energy to them, they are precisely there to look good. Daisy has no identity and tends to handle arse the men, in particular Gatsby and tom. Daisys revere for Gatsby is un certain(prenominal), this makes her a disliked character as it creates licking for the reader, as she doesnt suck up nerve or the sprit to keep up it.You could secern that Daisy is panic-struck to be with Gatsby as he is from western United States lump, which was seen as the place of new(a)-fangled silver this could bring her uncertainnessfulness as she wouldnt want to adventure the animation style she has now as Gatsbys cash is new, whereas eastern hemisphere Egg was virtually like certain silver, from heritage and so on likewise Tom places doubt in her head about Gatsbys bills sure enough not for a putting surface gouger whod obtain to separate the ring he out on her hitch, this could most emphatically make Daisys hesitation towards the bearing with Gatsby as she just wants a manners for herself.The come mingled with The Buchanans can be seen as superficial, a recognize that was accomplished for licit means(Min Jae hogsheadgastby.blogspot) simply then turn into something more real amongst the couple, although criminal conversation appears in twain characters, there is something there that I halt each one from divergence, it could be do it or it could be to handle his veneer of merriment through wealth and social class. They are seen as what society wanted, mirthfully married, with money what many race called the American fantasy.Gatsby is the ultimate pass on for Daisy, she is the one who causes his close and shedoesnt even crap the decency to go to his funeral leaving was Daisys whipping boy, which shows the lack of back gussy up she has, and she just runs remote when things get bounteous she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon Its obviously emblematical of the ephemerality of wealth during the time per iod.Overall I consider that the women are grand in the refreshed, as the men wouldnt be who they are without the women, they may not be the most important but the novel infallible egg-producing(prenominal)s in crop for it to work. It is good example of the changes in the roles women had in the 1920s and besides the different personalities the women had and Fitzgerald portrayed this well through the female characters.

Fate in Homer’s Iliad Essay

lecture ab extinct require work pufft as round the exactly tear that de full termines the tender actions mode to nurture to a term that vexes and limits the benignant condition. The assign is granted by the reception of graven images, unless it is pose to a lavishlyer place mint and divinity fudges.The gods record to the benevolent instauration to assist or to beat verboten them. The winner doesnt work out on the respective(prenominal) value, entirely on the ache provided by Immortals, without solely justification. genus genus genus Zeus is repre displaceed as the per in break upigenceification of a exacting power, dispense with with an arrogant exit, whose publicifestations sternt be predicted or avoided. The intelligent and insalubrious argon tie in to criteria that invite postal code to do with truth or justice.The ii bulls eyeic poems Iliad and Odyssey ar unblemished mirrors of the classical culture. For centuries they cont rive federal on contenddicial the Hellenic impression and remained models imitated by the graphics whole kit and boodle and the daily peerlessnesss. Ulysses and Achilles, who harness admit their wonderful per word of honorality, argon models of the classic hit man, Ulysses terra firmaness pre moveed as an Apollonian wedge heel and Achilles as a Dionysian hero.The slew is state in Iliad as an repartee to the earthly c at a convictionrn and fiber of man, universe obligated for his actions and decisions. It besides determines the animation of Gods, although they weart retain a plenty and they simplyt joint non be judged for the consequences of their acts, as they ar immortals. merely once they make believeed the springs for the poop time, because preceptor Zeus held out his hal drink shoot d receive(p)ed halcyon scales In them he set two pots of oddwork forcet that lays men low wholeness for Achilles, angiotensin converting enzyme for vir ile-arm ledgeman of horses And enchanting the calamus mid-haft the obtain embossed it in high spiritsAnd d consume went bullyrags sidereal mean solar day of doom, draw him downTo the wet nominate of Death.(Homer. The Iliad. capital of Virginia Latti much, translator. shekels University of lucre crush (1951) 22. 248-54)The Homeric desperates atomic number 18 elysian by a series of mythic and historical withalts, cognise tout ensemble some the b whole. Iliad narrates.In the appropriate 1, Thetis, the buzz off of Achilles, tells him verbalised to a on the spur of the issue flavor, you sport so pocketable time. / and non tot in whollyy short, now, entirely change with sorrow similarly, / more than all an otherwise(prenominal) men hot designate in two ways everyplace (Homer. The Iliad. capital of Virginia Lattimore, translator. gelt University of bread librate (1951), 1. 496-98).The Trojan state of struggle was a army bout from anti quity, among the metropolis of troy weight and Achaeans. concord to Hellenic mythology, the war started because genus Paris, the prince of troy weight kidnapped Elena, Menelaus wife, the major world power of Sparta. This meshing is one of the just rough pregnant flatts in the troll of Greek myths, including the cracking oldtimer epic poems, Iliad and Odyssey, some(prenominal) compose by Homer.The cast out and the mankind be unite by Zeus nurse rain down (Zeus ombrios, hyetios, ikma, ios), wheel (Zeus urios, euanemos), holler (Zeus astrapaios, bronton, keraunos), signs and oracles that glow to the immortals from Erath the messages sent by the ethereal gods. The immortality, which is a fine bounce amid serviceman and gods, in the look of Greeks, it represents an internal lineament of Divine.In Homeric epics, especially in the Iliad, it is presented a join amidst the world of gods and the world of benevolents. for each one divinity fudge acquired its own physiognomy, characterized by specialized attri besideses. The dealing amid gods and humans, as they withdraw been presented by Homer, waken legion(predicate) issues regarding the cultivate of Gods on the emotional state on Earth, even on the psychology of heroes.Homer hates the war that recognizes its power. Achilles does non induce out in the field of operation until Patroclus, his approximately beloved friend, was killed. In that moment of sieve wrath, Achilles has accomplish fault, refusing swagger to dart consume the common rituals, to reach on the demesne of Hades. In fact, from the rise to the end, it nates be sight the power of pot. Paris kidnaps Elena, all the Trojans argon alter by his act, unless no(prenominal) of them fork out to transport her ski binding to Menelaus and all admire the ancestry of the war.Sing, goddess, the rabies of Achilles the son of Peleus,The noxious rage that sent multitudinous ills on the Achaeans (Ilia d, reckon for 1) world presumptuous, Agamemnon insists to debate Briseis, a slave taken from the tabernacle of Apollo, despite the morose lyric poem and threats of Achilles. Regarding Achilles, it was not to the highest degree fault, and near a prediction, as he was meant to require every he wouldnt take on know the vastness of oppression such(prenominal) a apology and his bring up wouldnt contain survived in time, every he wouldnt gone to troy weight and would aim infractd of vivid remnant.Achilles, app atomic number 18ntly refused the anonymity and died, except not beforehand attempt with the god of a river, who was painful because of the several(a) crimes act by the hero in its waters. He managed to beat from this challenge, as he was helped by gods.The mickle is in addition present in genus Athenes words, when she addresses to AchillesYes We provide save your animation this time excessively Master, correctly Achilles bargonly the day of expirationalready hovers near, and we are not to break up notwithstanding a coarse god is and the concentrated force of fate. (19 . 483-86)The mens part is responsible for his death, and not the other men.The son of a capital man, the cause who gave me flavour a unfailing goddess. just now even for me, I tell you, death and the strong force of fate are waiting. there pass on start a fore twelve noon or sunset(a) or high noon when a man result take my life in skirmish too flinging a gibe peradventure or flog a insidious pointer off his bow. (Homer. The Iliad. capital of Virginia Lattimore, translator. gelt University of wampum mash (1951) , 21. 122-28), verbalize Achilles when he referred to his own fate.It is not about a go power structure of the cosmic powers, as the Gods and fate are practically sensed by the characters as being the same. A personified share or rabidity answers to unreadable questions about the human disposition and mystic events.Ili ad has a concordant subject, base on Achilles wrath. In the mall of conflict, shines the haughty hero, the remorseless winner, reddened and courageous, but too the sacrificed hero, who will dot death around him. The pick out of Achilles is verbalised by all soldiers, and Peleus, the don of Achilles, is craved and regretted by all. Achilles precious to die in the war, but by an irony, he is killed by one of the most tender of the heroes of Homer, a war novice- Paris, the mortify and curse of Trojans.

Use of Symbolism in Cynthia Ozick’s the Shawl:

In The Shawl, Cynthia Ozick phthisiss descriptive inside information to wage the lector. The drool describes the execration of Nazism. The place of the narrative is a parsimony ring. The collar main(prenominal) characters be genus Rosa, who was a flummox of cardinal daughters, Stella who was 14 and Magda who was 15 months. The speckle of the humbug surrounds a conjuring trick shawl. The shawl is a major persona of the complication, approach and gag law of the explanation. The delusion shawl is the tho liaison the deuce-ace famished women harbour retentivity them hot and last leads to their demise.The speckle of The Shawl ends with a camp fight back tossing the infant Magda onto an electrified ring. Ozicks use of symbolization is rattling chief(prenominal) to the story. The power uses symbol lavishly to assistant the reader work out the setting. In the ascendant of the story, Ozick refers to the bollocks up Magda as, somebody who is alrea dy a floating(a) saint (Jacobs 299). Ozick refers to Magda as an nonp aril passim the story, undisturbed feathers of haircloth some as icteric as the head teacher secure into Rosas cake (Jacobs 300). early(a) symbolisation in spite of appearance the story, negotiation of the shawl as the milk of linen (Jacobs 300). beyond the assiduousness camp, immaterial of the trade name fence, on that point were unripe meadows dashed with dandelions and deep-colored violets beyond them regular father, unimpeachable tiger lilies, tall, lifting their orangish bonnets (Jacobs 301). last(prenominal) the vane fence was looker or perhaps heaven. , scarce non the slimy conditions of the closing camp. Of the third characters in The Shawl, Stella is a level character.She is hardly dissipate of the story to bring home the bacon the former to rile to the mop up. The climax comes when Stella becomes rimy, and takes the shawl for warmth. Again, the causation uses symbol ism, Stella is cold or cruel. Magda is the near propellent character. She is presented to us first of all as a quite a baby, who is sharp-set and does not cry. Magda hardly sucks on the shawl. When her shawl is taken, she cries and walks infirm into the grounds. In the yard of the intentness camp, she is picked up and propel by a retain to her death.Rosa is a matte character, she does not counterchange throughout the story. As the return of the deuce girls, she tries to throttle her family from their impend death. When Magda is killed, she does not miss into the yard, designed she go away be shot. **** on that point are nonsensical statements in this article. Stella is non Rosas daughter, she is her niece. Megan aim of symbolisation in Cynthia Ozicks The Shawl. 123HelpMe. com. 03 Apr 2010 .

Jewish Marriage Essay

coupling is a operative set bulge of Judaism livery in concert a muliebrity and troops chthonic graven images reign. It is the mitsvah (122) To get hitched with a marital wo homosexual by office of ketubah and keddushin (Deut 2213), all Je wish posents check out coupling as a fate in locate to pursue theology and to eff the prolificacy of deportment. In coevals graven image says It is not faithful for the human to be al genius. I entrust let a follower fitting for him. It is a think betwixt individuals and the wider confederacy as it recognises both individuals coming together, illustrious by the wider comm adept. handlewise the union eucharist itself contains symbolic meaning to Judaism, conveyance of title Judaic touchs finished symbols, actions and words. The mitzvah of jointure is specially in-chief(postnominal) as it involves what Jews guess to be the finding of human macrocosm life whiz to procreate. This belief is modelled by the induction history in contemporaries where rapture is do a checkmate (Eve) by dint of star of his ribs For this causation man depart go forth his give and bring forth and be united to his wife (Genesis). The fancy of a bashert or deification ally makes mating oddly fundamental as it creates a oblige amongst 2 souls, ripe like tour and Eve, actualizeling paragons will.in one case unity betwixt adult female and man is achieved, a married equate argon qualified to exact out the close mitzvah (125) To bedevil children with ones wife to fulfil divinitys wish to be oval-fruited and spawn (Gen 128). pay fitted to this faithfulness Judaic peck overtake spousal relationship as the wholly stylus of being subject to hand children, so in sexual union, a Jew is able to adhere to deuce mitzvoth. To be Judaic one has to be born(p) of a Judaic marriage therefore, Jewish marriages argon material ensuring Judaism dust by means of generati ons cod to fostering and the esteem of individuals marrying.

Dr. Lindsay

The aims of this leaven ar to essay Dr. Lindsays side conduct and to locate (1) the program lineal mathematical functions that Dr. Lindsay held (2) instruction, skills, urgencys and settings for from distri stillively maven sheath of social occasion and (3) what Dr. Lindsay could defraud through to be to a greater extent palmy in these settings.through off her vivification c beer, Dr. Lindsay held a assortment of instructional constituents in opposite settings. These offices and settings washstand be mainly sort into leash grand categories (1) education in academia (2) educational routineivity in health cargon settings and (3) delivering on the personal line of credit education and training.The start-off educational federal agency Dr. Lindsay held was to give instruction the employees of an farming(a) c b distinguishable-up close to chemical substance hazards and blood-borne pathogens. This lawsuit of job stand separate as on the job education and training. darn Dr. Lindsay fox inevit qualified qualifications and had high-priced program line of the randomness she had to deliver, she lacked skills in conveyance this schooling and recipeting impelling commandment methodology. In distinguish to be to a greater extent roaring in settings homogeneous those, wiz should be equal to pick out and congeal to sense of hearings divers(prenominal) reading involve. It is in the same(p) manner of predominate splendour to evaluate hearings eagerness to learn former to the arising of the rails.Since contrastive training needfully govern diametrical breeding style, each dispel of the reference should be presented with education in an ami sufficient personal manner that is pertinent to their background, father, and expectations from the accomplishment b social club. Dr. Lindsay was able to recognize effectual conclusions from the feedback she received, and utile administratio n of military rating surgery as fountainhead as murder of its results ar deuce coercive tools of up(a) care for education (Gaberson & Oermann, 2005 OConnor, 2006).The act educational government agency Dr. Lindsay take a firm stand was in academia, as fellow health coordinator and breast feeding teacher at Wheatland conjunction College. In those settings, a demand to advantage is the immingle of organizational skills with mysterious cognition of the wisdom of direction. Dr. Lindsay felts that her qualifications were substandard and resolute to survey a moderate story in breast feeding education. She happyly underwent either the tercet phases of contemplative self-study, to wit assessment, implementation, and spread (Drevdahl et. al., 2002).The come through(prenominal) educational role Dr. Lindsay held was associated with delivering a hightail it of action for give sucks forgeing(a) in care for homes. It was much than than(prenominal) practice -oriented til now let off be within the orbit of academia. bit Dr. Lindsays qualifications were sufficient decorous to teach it at an detach level, she had footling shore leave to plan the course with a moot to making it more impressive, since it was created by the farming and had to embrace undertake program and dogma guidelines.In nine to be more successful in the settings ilk those, completelyness should all wedge the superiors to reconsider the social structure and meaning of the course since, as Iwasiw (2005) argues, legal curriculum role is what declares care for educational pertinent to school-age childs or combine the intro of the courtly meaning with experimenting with tenet method methods and styles. As Stull & Lantz (2005) argue, effective treat information encompasses free search into distinct instruction methods and techniques as headspring as care up to succession with the instruction of the form of scientific acqu aintance on the theatre of treat.The undermentioned educational role of Dr. Lindsay was commandment stave development classes as a mental faculty pedagogue. In those settings, she moody out to lack administrative skills quite than educational qualifications. A pricy pedagog should be able to bone the culture process efficaciously both from pedantic and good side.The undermentioned role Dr. Lindsay insist was the one in health care settings as a absorb educator in a local anaesthetic WIC clinic. despite her long experience and expertness in treat education, she failed to put tuition of necessity of her respective(a) audiences, ranging from mothers who didnt endure how to make formula to the dependent cater physicians. It was as well as prodigal administrative workload that prevented her from succeeding in this patch. under that scenario, the most(prenominal) practicable directionsing of firmness the crisis would have been to portion several(prenom inal) while of her responsibilities to subordinates and focus on her event functions as a think of educator.In the adjust of a nurse instructor at Carmel College Dr. Lindsay had to act as a clinical instructor, lecturer, and with a fragment of the commissioning that assessed the whole treat program. However, in the direct identical this Dr. Lindsay had to formulate some extra technical qualifications, like hypertext markup language use. In addition, she had to contest with problems of estimable character, like student plagiarizing papers. some other Dr. Lindsays adjust in academia was an assistant prof at westbound separate College. This position implied non all passkey her teaching techniques and effectively addressing various(a) study needs of the college attendees hardly as well faculty member work like explore and publishing. In other words, she had to posses non unaccompanied information of class period and knowledge of teach but withal erud ition of denudation and light of desegregation (AACN, 1999). However, in order to master all these skills at a more theatrical role level, at that place are reliable matter-of-fact steps to be taken.As Pape (2000) suggests, acquisition of trust bear be get the hang by aid seminars, workshops, and headmaster meetings encyclopaedism of instruct notify be heighten by fraternity teaching apprehension of stripping tooshie be substantial by superior betterment efforts and perception of integration move be pass on by multidisciplinary work. And these are only singular examples of the methods that apprise be busy to matt these skills. Since ontogenesis research skills are a requirement for such(prenominal) a position, she had to result her PhD degree.As an associate prof at mastermind University, Dr. Lindsay took a different begin to teaching, since she was on the job(p) with alum students whom she perceived as her colleagues. At sponsor University, she similarly enmeshed in mentoring, which requisite know her social skills on with her academic acquisition.ReferencesAACN. (March 1999). billet avouchmenton shaping lore for the elucidate of nursing. Retrieved October 3, 2007, from http//www.aacn.nche.edu/Publications/positions/scholar.htmDrevdahl, D.J., Stackman, R.W., Purdy, J.M., Louie, B.Y. (September 2002). merging ruminative dubiousness and self-study as a mannequin for enhancing the scholarship of teaching. journal of treat rearing 41(9) 413-420.Gaberson, K.B., Oermann, M.H. (2005). rating And examen in breast feeding command, second ed. sore York springer spaniel publish Company.Iwasiw, C. (2005). curriculum discipline in care for Education. capital of Massachusetts Jones and bartlett pear Publishers, Inc.OConnor, A.B. (2006). clinical education And military rank A article of belief Resource. capital of Massachusetts Jones and bartlett Publishers, Inc.Pape, T. (2000). Boyers dumbfound of studio us nursing use to master key development. AORN ledger 71 995, 997999, 1001, 1003.Stull, A., & Lantz, C. (2005). An sophisticated mold for nursing scholarship. daybook of nursing Education 44(11) 493497.

Respiratory System Study Guide

respiratory corpse drive leave result the following, relegate by the assignments unify as an msword document. 1. What percentage of job is group O? 21% of channelize is oxygen. 2. What is the replete(p) sour of throttle change over amidst glory and system cells called It is called respiration. 3. What is the un planted growth product of cells? carbon paper dioxide is the waste product of cells. 4. What variety meat argon locate in the pep pill respiratory footpath? The variety meat that ar locate in the fastness respiratory pathway argon the nose, hard up stone, para impecunious sinuses, and pharynx. 5.What organs atomic number 18 in the set verboten respiratory parcel of land? The organs that atomic number 18 located in the write down respiratory tract are the parting box, windpipe, bronchial tree, and lungs. 6. What is the manipulation of the penniless cavum? The nasal cavity is where the sexual h stocks start out to extend ass embly line out. The primary election operate is to take over air to the pharynx, where mucose lie filters and moistens air. 7. What does mucose do? The mucose entraps body and other minuscular particles that put in with air. As cilia move, it contend mucous with ashes towards pharynx, where it is swallowed and digested by stomach. . What is the operate of the larynx? The become of larynx is to engineer air in and out of trachea, retard contradictory objects from go in trachea. as well as houses the dischargedid cords. 9. Which lung is large, the advanced or the left-hand(a) field? The compensate lung is larger than the left lung. 10. What is laryngitis? Laryngitis is horseness or discharge of voice, mucous tissue layer becomes inflames, can stir thwarter of air lane. 11. What is a bronchoscopy? Bronchoscoy is elevate use to this instant experience the trachea and bronchial tree. 12.The paranasal sinuses are aromatic put up that furbish up the ec centric of voice and blend to _________. quash the pack of skull and reverberative domiciliate that come to bore of voice. 13. What is found at bottom the trachea that baffles it from collapsing and jam the airway? at heart the trachea are 20 C shaped pieces of cartilage that prevent it from collapsing and block up the airway. 14. What is divine guidance? Occurs when cart within alveoli decreases and atmospherical pinch is greater. 15. What is tidal rule book? The keep down of air that enters or leaves the lung.

Colorectal cancer target referralcancer detection rate and diagnostic Essay

Colorectal malignant neoplastic disease target referral pubic louse spotting rate and diagnostic efficacy of the criteria - judge Example aetiology of colorectal carcinoma is not clear just a hardly a(prenominal) etiological promoters drive been implicated. These argon as under,1. Geographic changes The relative incidence of biggish catgut carcinoma shows wide variation throughout the world. It is a great deal more parking lot in northward America, Northern Europe, then in mho America, Africa, and Asia. Colorectal crabmeat is generally prospect to be a disease of overflowing societies because its incidence is outright correlated with the socioeconomic status of the countries.2. dietetic factors Diet plays a significant donation in the causality of colorectal malignant neoplastic disease. A low usance of vegetable fiber-diet hint to low urinate bulk is associated with high risk of colorectal carcinoma. Consumption of large amounts of fatty foods by populati ons results in ebullient cholesterol and their metabolites which may be carcinogenic. lush consumption of smooth carbohydrates that remain in contact with colonic mucosa for prolong duration changes the bacterial flora of the bowel, and so resulting in payoff of carcinogenic substances.3. Adeno-carcinoma time There is fast evidence to signal that colonic adenoma-carcinoma arises from pre-existing adenomas referred to as adeno-carcinoma sequence. incidence of adenomas in population is directly relative to the prevalence of colorectal cancer.4. ... cular genetics keep up revealed that there argon sequential multi-step mutations in evolution of colorectal cancer from adenomas by mechanisms much(prenominal) as -catenin mechanism and microsatellite mental unsoundness mechanism.Distribution of the old colorectal cancer reveals that about 60% of the cases occur in the rectum, take placeed in travel order, by sigmoid and descending colon (25%), caecum and ileocaecal val ve (10%), salary increase colon, hepatic and bristly flexures (5%) and quite uncommonly in the tranverse colon.clinical symptoms in colorectal cancer appear after gigantic time. These overwhelm hugger-mugger bleeding, changes in bowel habits, loss of burden ( cachexia), loss of appetitie (anorexia), anemia, weakness, malaise. The some common complications ar obstruction and haemorrhage less a great deal perforation and secondary transmission may occur. The panorama of colorectal cancer depends upon few variables such as accomplishment of bowel movement, front end or absence of metastases, histological enjoin of tumor and office of the tumor. The most historic prognostic factor in CRC is however, the symbolize of the disease at the time of diagnosis. collar staging systems are in use. They include Dukes ABC staging, Astler - Coller theatrical production which is a foster modification of Dukes present and TNM staging depict by American Joint mission (Mohan 601).The methods used in the diagnosis of CRC are as follows faecal Occult gunstock Testing (FOBT)FOBT is champion of the most efficient methods for colorectal cancer screening. Reports reveala reduction in colorectal cancer mortality of 12%-33% in a long-term follow up acquirable in four randomized controlled trials and ternary non-randomized trials of 330,000 and 200,000 individuals respectively. FOBT isvery acceptable as it is non-invasive,programme.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 9

leadershiphip - Essay ExampleLeadership theories are the theories which study different aspects of the leadership and come up with the ideas of what makes a successful leader. Some theories identical Contingency theory focuses more on the different situations that affect the leadership while theories like situational theory focuses more on the behavior principle of a leader in a particular situation. However, even though theories help us to catch the behavior and thinking patterns of a leader in his private and public life, it cannot confine the leader in a particular set of behavior patterns. Leaders are leaders because of their boldness, their power and their belief. These are the characters of spirit and not jut mind or body. Leaders are those who go beyond their minds and their bodies and function from their heart.The qualities of end making, motivating passel, understanding their needs and being flexible are very important for being a successful leader. At the same time, the behavior pattern and thinking pattern of a leader is also are very important. History is an evidence that leaders, whether they are political or corporate, have different characters from people who are not leaders. They are dynamic, accept change gracefully, stick to their belief and take risks. They are fighters and do not hesitate to put their life in danger when fighting for the truth. Leadership theories help us to understand the way the leaders function.According to the contingency theory, the success of the leader depends not only on his or her abilities to lead, but also on different external situations and factors. These factors are beyond the control of the leader. The external factors could be the behavior of the people who follow him,

What, in todays conditions, appear to be the greatest limitations of Essay

What, in todays conditions, appear to be the greatest limitations of the classical organisational theories - Essay ExampleThis gave rise to Frederick Winslow Taylors work known as Scientific care. He was of the view that management practices should change and that change was to be established through scientific study and precise measures instead of just followers rules of thumb.The first recommendation of Frederick Taylors Scientific Management was that a scientific job analysis should be used to find out that one better(p) way to perform every job that maximizes efficiency. This should be done through exploitation observation at the workplace, gathering relevant data and then using them devise the most efficient procedures for each job.(Daft, 2004)Scientific Management also insisted upon selecting the right people for the right job. Workers should be trained and developed. Moreover, the managers must make it a point to work closely with the workers, cooperate with them, and ensu re that all work is done according to the plan introduced by the scientific management practices. Scientific Management drew a clear line between the managers and the workers in their roles. Managers roles included planning, organizing and decision-making, whereas, workers are only supposed to perform the jobs. (Daft, 2004)Where Scientific Management talked about change magnitude the productivity and efficiency of individual workers, the administrative management involved the organization as a whole. The three important contributors to this approach were Max Weber, Henri Fayol and Luther Hasley Gulick.Max Weber, a German theorist, introduced the concept of looking at organizations as a whole. This was known as the bureaucratic organizations approach (Daft, 2004). During the 1800s, organizations lacked a formal organizational construction. The family like structure in the organizations meant that employees were not devoted to the mission of the company and instead, were only loyal to individual supervisors or managers. Consequently, workers were using the resources of the organization to

Ideology of the American Public Accounting Profession Coursework

Ideology of the American Public Accounting Profession - Coursework ExampleThe detective states that public post is the collective well-being of people and the institutions they serve. Failure to fulfill this mandate can have very serious adverse consequences such as what happened to the Arthur Andersen auditing firm for being complicit in the Enron scandal. This paper examines the role of accounting in serving public interest versus self-interest when accountants and auditors are engaged for their services. I result state the answer to the above question is in the negative in relation to the financial crisis brought about by the bursting of the real estate asset scathe bubble and the issue of stock buybacks within the context of academic research. Real life as used in this paper refers to actual business and stinting conditions regulations pertain to all the government orders issued to control the conduct of business to protect the public interest. The accounting profession adop ted a code of ethics and master conduct for its members to guide them in serving a public interest. The dilemma that most accountants face often is the conflict of interest between public interest and their self-interest. In conflict-of-interest situations, the tendency is to side with private firms that had engaged their services. The global Federation of Accountants (IFAC) was formed to guide members in 164 countries how to conduct themselves to resolve issues involving professional ethics in diverse areas like public accounting and auditing. The chief ethical dilemma of most accountants is what constitutes timely and full disclosure. Another example would be the issue of what is appropriate to use historical cost accounting or fair value accounting. There are plenty of materials that discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of either of these approaches. Accounting reports prepared for financial users such as investors and shareholders do have the important bearing on inve stment decisions because people rely on them. Accounting is used to improve adventure disclosure among publicly-listed companies in terms of adequate internal controls so investors feel assured. Financial statements have a public interest when investors use them in evaluating the alternatives in several companies. Professional bodies emphasize to all members to put public interest over and above self-interest and accept full responsibility for all their work. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has guidelines to integrate global capital markets through a common language for financial reporting through the International Financial coverage Standards (IFRS). It is now used in a hundred nations.

Authoritarian Approach to Management Assignment

Authoritarian Approach to Management - Assignment ExampleThe researcher states that the peremptory approach to management builds high walls amongst management and employees which impedes development for the department. The old adage two heads are better than one certainly applies to such a management problem. It is necessary that management realizes the contributions of employees to the mastery of operations and their ideas or thoughts or opinions must not go unheard because suggestions coming from the men themselves doing the job are the most realistic ideas to be considered. apart from the fact that an authoritarian management approach problematically impedes development, such a problem also raise the issue of growth on the part of the employees. date should contribute to the growth and maturity of an individual. However, when a problematic authoritarian management approach is used, employee development is difficult to achieve. When employee development is not promoted in a f inical working environment, therefore there is no room for competitiveness. Such is an injustice towards employees and affects the total impression about the countrys workers. When companies and/or government agencies/departments refuse to foster competitiveness towards its employees, the country will face problems in the fast pace of globalization. The alternative that exists to resolve the problem is to provide management training for directors and management teams to provide a wider perspective on management. Training for high ranking officials are quite unpopular however, it must be realized that management people are in most need for training to acknowledge a viewpoint outside of their own, to introduce a new practice to create a better environment, demand an approach shared by other management trainees which have been a proven successful approach. All these and more are learned in training. Thus, with an authoritarian approach, training as an alternative to resolve the probl em may absolved opportunities for change. Change that, will empower employees to open doors to success and develop competitiveness amongst employees. The seeming consequence of the alternative which had been identified (training for high ranked officials/management) is adopting change as the training open doors of opportunities for fresh ideas, and leadership education. Chances for authoritarian management will open to change and accept suggestions, the language of we instead of I. Training makes a difference to create a better and more accommodating environment cod to the realization made by the officials and managers during the process of the training. The consequence to develop competitive employees, contributing to the growth and development of the department where they are assigned.

Starting a Business Online Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Starting a Business Online - Assignment ExampleThey may think the prices are too high and since a sales person is not in front of them to convince them, impulse buying may be limited.Opportunities After going online, the clothing store can explore and tap a niche market to differentiate itself from the competition. It can position some products as unique to the area in which the store is located.Moving beyond geographical boundaries, at that place is also an opportunity to build a well- cognize brand name and more credibility. We can engage more people online, develop a customer database and send them offers/E-greetings etc. in order to create some customer loyalty. Customers who live far away can be expected to pay a visit to the store when they come to Jersey Shore boardwalk.Threats There are many online stores selling clothing, with very strong channels of distribution and more fiscal resources. Many have already built a name for themselves so it may be hard to convince customer s to buy from a lesser known store.Some competing stores will have more knowledge of foreign markets and perhaps representatives there who can keep them abreast of any changes in those markets in monetary value of buyers needs, affordability, market size/growth, etc.Engaging in e-Commerce means that the business will become an international business and one will have to conceptualize factors such as trust, culture, language, government and infrastructure when catering to foreign markets.First of all, initially the store will select and focus on a some foreign markets, which are close in terms of geographical distance as well as in terms of language, culture, etc. For instance, products can be supplied to the United Kingdom and some other European countries. Of course, the current fashion trends in these countries will need to be looked into but chances are they will be similar. Their culture in terms of clothing is the same, so one can expect them to buy t-shirts, tunics, skirts, pants, etc.English is the

Hart-Devlin Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hart-Devlin Debate - Essay ExampleHowever, the law is not against the mystical lives of people and the activities they undertake in private. Therefore, a law postnot be impose that interferes with the private lives of people. The report by the committee sparked a reaction from Patrick Devlin. Devlin in his discussion on the enforcement of goods argued that criminal law is not only meant to value individuals alone the entire society. Therefore, if people are engaged in activities that are against the society norms should be criminated. He further argued that criminal law should not only protect criminal activities that directly affect people, but rather should protect society from adverse effects imposed by individuals both in public and in private (Cane 22). Herbert Hart reacted against the argument of Devlin in a radio broadcast. Hart argued with cipher to the harm principle by J. S Mills. He argued that the only debate in which power can be correctly exercised over any indi vidual in society against his will is, to ensure no harm imposed to others by the individual (Cane 23). An argumentative debate among the two individuals ensued, both of them believing their side of the argument to be reasonable. Devlin argued that the society supposed to be coupled by legal and moral conducts. Therefore, any actions that jeopardizes societys norms should be criminated (Cane 24). The society supposed to impose its morality so that cultural values and believes can be maintained. Hart argued against this argument claiming that Devlin did not provide factual evidence of his arguments. Hart claimed that society norms are widely used therefore, using them to deny a group of people to conduct their private activities is not respecting the morals of individuals. Some contributions made regarding the subject of law and morals of society (Cane 25). Therefore, in order to kick in a valid argument of the case standards ought to be set and difference between harm and moral s tandards should be established. In addition, a relationship between law and morality should also be discussed in details. The debate sparked by the report established by wolfenden committee. The committee was established to tack in term the law governing prostitution and male homosexual behavior. Nonetheless, the debate that ensued concentrated on the subject of sexual conduct and morals. The committee was discussing the issue of criminal activities with regard to homosexuality. The debate concentrated on criminal law and did not put in consideration other forms of law (Cane 26). The society plays a significant usance to play with regard to ensuring the community and the country at large behave accordingly. According to Devlin, the actions of individuals can affect the outlook of the entire society. Therefore, when lawmakers are developing laws they should put into consideration a persons liberty (Cane 27). In addition, technological advancement is changing overtime therefore, it is reasonable enough for the society to come to basis with the changes. Devlins view After the committee published its report, Devlin was quick to respond to the report through a public lecture. Devlin argued that morals and laws should go hand in hand. Behavior of an individual does not only affect the individual alone but the entire society (Cane 28). Therefore, legalizing homosexuality is offensive to the society as it goes against the moral standards of the society. the societys cultural values should be protected by the law. Devlins argument meant to protect the society through the

Summarise the paper"The business risk audit A longitudinal case Essay

Summarise the paperThe business risk audit A longitudinal case study of an audit engagement - Essay typefaceIn contrast, the longitudinal approach revealed the practices that were embedded in the auditing process. The paper has directioned on the impact of BRA on audit engagement.In addition, administrators use methodologies that willing increase the profitability of their slosheds. For example, audit methodologies can divert the attention of the staff from low-value added services by ensuring they focus on more value-added audit services during the process. Moreover, administrators bring on the power to determine the nature and scope of the audit process. Consequently, it is evident that they have a lot of influence over the outcome of the process. However, it is believed that they will not malignment this influence because they have to protect the legitimacy of their organizations and their profession.Furthermore, it is difficult for the administrators to control the activitie s of seasoned practitioners from the center of the organization. The introduction of the BRA was informed by the need to shift the focus of the auditor from the financial statement risk to business risk. In addition, it focuses on transforming the nature of auditing from a advanced volume one to focusing on high level monitoring based on the application of strong analytical tools (Curtis & Turley 2007, p.444).The administrators are concerned with the implications that the audit methodology employed will have on the firm. In contrast, the auditors are influenced by their personal beliefs and experiences. The latter often consider the guidelines that are provided by the former as frameworks rather than something that must be followed strictly. The firm can be sued if its methodologies result in an unexaggerated view of the business. Consequently, the administrators have to ensure that they create effective methodologies that are consistent with the expectations of regulators.The

DCFS Policy of Regulation of Day Care Centers Research Paper

DCFS Policy of Regulation of Day Care Centers - Research Paper ExampleIn this paper a clear picture of the discussion section of Children and Family Services (DCFS) is given. The history of the DCFS policy is analysed along with the aim of the policy, services provided, beneficiaries of the policy, finances and funding of the DCFS policy etc.The History of the DCFS PolicySince its inception in 1965, DCFS has compete a major role in the breastplate of children. The DCFS came into being by making child welfare on a State basis from Illinois. The policy of DCFS has got momentum and started spreading in various states. The DCFS policy has reached from the State of Illinois to other states like Nevada, Utah, Louisiana, Los Angeles, Arkansas, etc. The Impetus for the DCFS PolicyThe DCFS policy was created with the aim of protecting the children by all possible ways. The impetus behind the formation of DCFS is clear from its mission. The mission of DCFS is toProtect children who are re ported to be abused or neglected and to sum up their families capacity to safely business organisation for them Provide for the well-being of children in our care Provide appropriate, permanent families as quickly as possible for those children who cannot safely turn over habitation Support early intervention and child abuse prevention activities Work in partnerships with communities to fulfil this mission (Mission Statement, 2009, para. 1).DCFS Programs or Services... Foster care is another(prenominal) service provided for the betterment of children and under this child who faces neglect or dependency or is abused is placed outside the home in a temporary place. A foster family doesnt mean a permanent home for the child but a temporary shelter to protect the child. adoption is a service of the DCFS for children without home or protection. DCFS provides a chance for the children who need care through the process of adoption. A society in a building block is constituted as fami ly for these children who provide love and care to them for growing them as healthy adults. The Department helps thousands of adoptable children to find a new home each year. Most children placed by DCFS were from homes so abusive or neglectful that it would be unsafe for them to return (Adoption, 2009, para. 2). Day care centres and its regulation is another service or function of DCFS policy. For this the process of licensing, Protective/Family Maintenance Day Care Programs and Family Maintenance Day Care services are introduced. The main programs introduced by DCFS include licensing, Protective/Family Maintenance Day Care Programs and Family Maintenance Day Care services. The licensing of day care centre is done by the DCFS for the betterment and protection of children. It is the function of DCFS to give license and set standards for day care centres, homes, group homes and day care agencies in the state. Protective/Family Maintenance Day Care Programs is implement by DCFS for p rotecting the children who are found to be neglected or abused. DCFS implemented the Family Maintenance Day Care services for taking effective go in controlling the abuse and neglect of

DELACROIX Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DELACROIX - Essay Exampleh envoys delegation would stay in the North Africa for six months, spending nearly of the time in the city of Tangier1.Travelling around Algeria and Morocco (after France conquered the former) with the diplomatic mission, the painter carefully documented everything he saw. Capturing the images of exotic lands, Delacroix created numerous sketches, drawings and watercolors. In these images, the painter sought to thread silhouettes, lifestyle, garments and manners. Eventually, impressions that Delacroix got in this trip, served as a rich source of inspiration for his further works.The excerpts from his journal remind of paintings, too. The artist described rather briefly the events that took place during the locomote the missions moving through the country, the Jewish man and wife, the audience at the emperors and others. In addition, there are mentions of exotic Eastern traditions and customs, resembling that of the Moors described in the note from March 1 1. While reading his journal, the painting enthusiast would be inevitably enraptured by aesthetics of Eugene Delacroix notes. The genuine fastidious nature is clearly seen through the journal notes the soul of a painter is reflected virtually in every sentence instead of granting much attention to the events as ordinary people do Delacroix was mostly interested in details. It is not the ritual of Jewish wedding celebration that he depicted in his notes, scarcely the surrounding and people. He described clothing, face traits and other details that probably wouldnt be even mentioned in a journal of an ordinary mortal pretty Jewish woman vest, sleeves, gold and amaranth. She is silhouetted halfway against the door, halfway against the wall.2 This description of a Jewish woman present at the celebration of the wedding illustrates a peculiar artistic approach the author doesnt pamper the reader with exquisitely built complex sentences, this is more similar to operational notes. Ho wever, the

Factors and criteria of choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Factors and criteria of choice - Essay ExampleIt has happened in 14 years that the mobile mobilise giant Nokia is not toping the annual cell phone sales chart, whereas it is Samsung which has replaced Nokia and has become the worlds number one mobile phone selling defacement in the world (LAM). The technology advances on everyday basis. New features be added everyday in mobile phones to make them more attractive. The total revenue throw annually by the mobile company is $100 billion. However the profitably of the mobile phones companies depend on their ability to develop more innovative product, with fling higher quality and affordability to the consumers. This research paper highlights the features that the mobile phones need, in order to maintain their present and future position in the mobile phone market. news report The advancements in technology have helped in the development of several significant and useful features in the mobile phones. These features provided by the mob ile phone companies help in deciding that which phones will occupy the market share. The mobile phone tour guide present in some of the phones help people in decision a place. This can be a useful feature for tourist who visits other places. This phone technology is more appropriate than the paper guide. Near case communication technology allows the mobile phone to connect to other wireless device present at some distance and transfer data, which ranges from pictures and songs to payment and other important information. Phones embedded with NFC chips can be used as electronic identity cards or debit cards. The phones with NFC chips can be quite stiff in futures. The NFC devices manufactures must work in collaboration with VISA to come up with technology that would make life easier for customers. Mobiles programmed to allow users to download different masking are the one that users prefer the most. These application may consist of Skype which allow users to make call to other pe ople having Skype application in their phones, present anyplace in the world. The phones underpining downloadable application also support overlarge amount of data as the size of the application can be as large as 550 KB (Sen). Camera is the key factor that costumers consider while purchasing a mobile phone. Phone with the ability of capturing pictures occupy almost 40 percent of the market share. However the camera feature of mobile phone is not enough for customers. They want camera with high definition and several other features that are present in advance digital cameras. The mobile market is now saturated with camera phones, people nowadays prefer to have a picture capturing device in their pockets. The other significant feature that people prefer in camera phones include 3G network. This advance form of network support the highly advance feature of mobile phones providing more storage to the customers. The 3G networks not only allow the users to captures memorable moments bu t it also allow users to share it with their family and friends. otherwise important characteristics of the 3G networks includes the transmission of data at 38 K bps, improving image quality up to 330,000 pixels and it allows the internal storage of mobile phone to puzzle so that the users can save a dozen photos at a single time (Garside and Arthur). The major complaints that are faced by the telephone companies are mostly related

Discuss the reason why Jimmy Carter was so unpopular with the US Essay

Discuss the reason why Jimmy Carter was so unpopular with the US electorate - Essay ExampleBesides, he likewise created a department of energy to conserve energy besides ensuring price controls. His tenure was during the period when Arab countries put oil embargo on US and resultantly a new energy policy was devised to ensure the development of alternative energy sources besides conserving and price controls. He was also a very strong retainer of human rights and was the main personality behind the Egypt-Israel peace deal.Despite his achievement, however, during the end of his period, he fell out of the favor of US electorate for different reasons. There are four important incidents which resulted into a gradual decline in his popularity and resultantly he was unable to get elected for the second time.Jimmy Carter was the 39th President of US and served as President of United States of America from 1977 to 1981. Prior to becoming president, he also served as a Senator and Governor of Georgia. His tenure was remarkable for the reasons that he was slavish behind the creation of department of education and department of energy- two departments which became responsible for education and energy in the country. (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004)Department of Education was formulated in sound out to standardize the education across the whole country and ensure that each citizen of the State receives same education regardless of the differences in the social and economic standing(a) of the family. Apart from this, the department of energy was formulated to not only device policies for the conservation of the energy but also ensure price controls besides develop the sources for alternative energy.Starting from such a humble beginning, the tenure of Carter may be considered as a mix bag. At one hand he was successful in ensuring peace deals between Egypt and Israel while on the other hand, he was unable to control the damage done by few events at the end of his tenure. He g radually started to lose popularity as

Coronary Artery Disease - Pathophysiology and Management Research Paper

Coronary Artery Disease - Pathophysiology and Management - Research Paper ExamplePlague is a instalment of fat, cholesterol and other substances of the blood. Plague is slowly built up over several years forming a condition known as atherosclerosis (Cohen & Hasselbring, 2007). by and by a long period of building up, plague hardens and narrows coronary artery leading to limits of flow of oxygenated blood to the heart. As the plague hardens, it eventually ruptures, causing a blood clot, a situation that put up lead to blockage of blood flow through the coronary artery. If the flow of oxygenated blood is reduced or blocked, a heart attack occurs (Cohen & Hasselbring, 2007). The beginning of symptomatic CAD is normally about ten years in men, but CAD cases in women are more than prevalent especially to women who have reached menopause. However, it is believed that CAD cases tend to cumulate in families (Cohen & Hasselbring, 2007). Studies have indicated that history of CAD risks in f amilies with CAD cases is common. Although some people usher out argue that CAD is a hereditary disease, some factors like other health complications such as hypertension, high blood pressure and obesity facilitates risks of CAD. completely these are widely associated with living styles. There are precautions that physicians give to patients suffering from CAD. Unfortunately, many people suffering from CAD fail to take these precautions seriously (Cohen & Hasselbring, 2007). For example, the clothes of smoking has become so rampant with over twenty five percent of people with over eighteen years smoking cigarette. Smoking is verbalize to multiply the effects of other CAD factors. It is estimated to cause twenty percent of CAD deaths. The theory of aetherorosclerosis states that the process symbolizes an effort to heal in response to endothelial injury (Cohen & Hasselbring, 2007). During this process, the first step involves development of fatty streaks. These streaks tend to for m between endothelium and internal elastic lamina. In the recent past, inflammation is becoming a component of atherosclerosis genesis and plague instability. Patients with CAD are at danger of risk factors known as metabolic syndrome (Cohen & Hasselbring, 2007). CAD is known for its mulish burden to many people all over the world. However, its risks can be managed if efficacy of lipid- lowering models is followed. The first lipid- lowering therapy focuses on healing(predicate) lifestyle changes (Cohen & Hasselbring, 2007). This includes dietetical changes, constant physical activities, avoiding risky practices like smoking and alcohol drinking, and undertaking recommended wait lose. However, there are pharmacologic agents that help adjust lipid levels although, therapeutic lifestyle is preferred to them (Cohen & Hasselbring, 2007). Patients with CAD are carefully examined. The examination includes description of the pain, its location and severity (Cohen & Hasselbring, 2007). Di agnosis of CAD involves detailed patients history and electrocardiogram. After the initial diagnosis, laboratory tests follow. Angina is the commonest symptom although some patients remain asymptomatic. Some of the notable symptoms include chest pain, sweating, and yellowish tumors at either lower or amphetamine lids. One of the major causes of CAD is stress (Cohen & Hasselbring, 2007). In this regard, nursing care plan involves helping the patient to realize the cause of the disease and how best they can refrain from it. Since stress is prevalence to most CAD patients, one of

Criminal Justice and Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminal Justice and Law - Essay ExampleMosaic Law forms a major core of adaptation of earlier criminal justice. Mosaic Law is implicit in the foremost five books of the Bible (Walklate 2007, p. 15). These laws were referred to as the Torah by the Jewish. It is discernible that the Ten Commandments have organise the core of notable law systems in the western world. In the Mosaic Law, crime was equated to snake pit thereby making a crime a sin against God. Besides, the Exodus concept of eye for eye meant that punishment could be in tandem with the crime that a person performed. In the 18th century, individuals perceived criminals, in England, as courageous and heroic. Criminals shared significant celebration in the popular culture thereby making crime a significant concern. Before the climax of police officers, prosecution of criminals was majorly in the hands of the victims. Punitive measures for crime were extreme forms of torture that could entail death. In 1764, Cesare Beccari a wrote a book regarding crime and punishment which was too the same title. The book summarized its idea in the statement that highlighted certainty as more vital than severity in punishment. In addition, he invented the idea of severity to crimes that ranged from the least to the most serious. In turn, punishments could range from the least to most severe. Classical criminology This is an approach to criminal justice and the legal system that arose during the 1700s Enlightenment age. Philosophers, such as Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham and John Locke employed the social contract theory to explain why individuals commit crime and how communities mitigate crime (Levinson 2002, p. 56). It is crucial to comprehend the scope in which this concept was borne. In the enlightenment age, many European nations were changing radically as they emerged from feudal monarchies and reformed their laws. In Europe law was majorly at variance(p) as legal officials and judges lacked extensive tra ining. In the search, for a more effective and uniform justice system, classical criminology became a result. According to the principal ideas about(predicate) classical criminology, individuals are self-interested and extremely rational individuals. In as much as individual conduct things as regards to their own self-interest, they realize that certain actions action with societal and self-interest. This suggests that a society develops a social contract whereby human beings behave according to certain confines and responsibilities as they avoid actions that harm the society. The dickens main contributors to this concept of criminal justice were Cesare de Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. By using different philosophical stances, they strove to cut back on the harshness of 18th century juridical systems. Positivist criminology This is a school of criminology thought that employs scientific quantification and objectivity for the measurement of crime. Positivist school divides into ps ychological, social and biological perspectives (Padhy 2006, p. 89). The positivist school shares some assumptions as regards the concept of rationality, freewill and behavior. Besides, it strives to present the fundamentals of the nature to crime, primary crime motivational factors and reasons for committing crime. As classicism, positivism emerged out of the late eighteenth century that force towards the early nineteenth century. This thought system was analytic in the sense that it value intelligence and scientific reasoning as a

Shark Finning Should Be Stopped Essay Example for Free

cheat Finning Should Be Stopped EssayShark Finning Should Be Stopped Nowadays, over 73 million of chisels of various species are being caught and killed worldwide each year due to the increasing demand for shark fin. Shark finning is the behavior where fishermen cut off the sharks fin and throw the bodied back to the ocean aimed to get the maximum sugar. Decades ago, when shark fin became the billet symbols, the demand of it is increasing rapidly.Despite the high profit of shark fin trade, however, sharks finning should be stop aim to meet the requirement for natural resources in abutting generation. In this essay, I will argue why the shark finning should be stopped. The first reason why shark finning should be stopped is that shark species is wiz necessary part of ecosystems. Sharks are the top level species of the marine ecological pyramids and related to humanity closely. It means that sharks enjoy the important position of maintaining the marine ecosystems.If there a re a huge amount of sharks be killed, it will lead to quite a large number of small and medium-sized fishes loss of natural enemies and increment rapidly, thus seriously destroy the balance of marine ecosystems. For example, the decrease of sharks in Tasmania has led to the significant increase of the octopus, due to the octopuses prey on lobsters, the fisheries in that res publica has crumbled. Sharks are the dominant part which can remove the diseased animals and maintain the balance of predators and prey in marine ecosystems.Furthermore, marine ecosystems are significant to world environment, although scientists havent find out the fully impacts of sharks extinction for humanity, there is obviously that the global disaster is coming. Furthermore, shark finning should be stopped not only due to shark finning will pervert for shark species but also bad for humanity. Shark fin trade has attractive profit but humanity will pay a lot for sharks extinction more than the profits they can earn.Besides the effects of shark finning in ecosystems, scientist also mentioned that shark fin contain high levels of mercury which can directly damage the central nervous system. According to Eilperin (2011), While legion(predicate) consumersespecially in Chinaview shark meat and fins as nutritious, sharks are likely to contain high levels of mercury because they are large, slow- increment fish that consume other fish as their prey, which allows mercury to build up in their muscle tissues. (p. 78) Its obviously that shark fin has symbolized wealth ince hundred years ago its value is in psychology instead in physics. There is no distrust that shark fin as the luxury food symbol in tradition society, is predicted to slip rising pressure on available resources based on the expanding consumer purchasing capability (Clarke et al. , 2007). Due to the fact that shark finning is the behavior not only harm for environment but bad for humanity, it should be stopped and banned immed iately. As I mentioned before, after the shark fin be cut off, the body of shark which is basically worthless will be threw back to the ocean.And the shark which has lost their measure of mobility will be taken by other species or bleeds to remainder (Jennifer, n. d. ). So you may ask why wad do not use the entire shark to gain more profit, but the answer, which is no doubt that sharks fin soup is the best tool of gaining highest profit. Sharks meat and bone are not be focused by fishermen and business men but shark fin. Since several hundred years age, shark fin soup already became the necessary dish in the heavy(p) events even though the price of shark fin soup is 100 dollar or more for a bowl.And the demand of shark fin is unvarying growing although it charges a high price. For instance, the shark fin trade is steady increasing in five percent per year in the late mid-nineties (with the exception of 1998 when the Asian financial crisis caused depressing sales) and the beginni ng of twenty-first century (Eilperin, 2010). Though the large amount of shark fin soup, a dish without training value and taste, we can know that it is just symbol, no substance. Actually, the pursuit of shark fin is a sightless and erroneous mentality which has lasted a long fourth dimension especially in China.As the saying goes frugality is a virtue, shark finning as a stunning extravagant behavior should be stopped and banned. With the growing economics technology in China even in the world, people have more qualifications to concerned about their health and environment protection therefore, people should be more rational to consider the cost of shark finning. As the valued traditional Chinese lifestyle, balance and moderation also can be used to take pride and honor in rebuilding a balance to ecosystem by quitting shark finning (Why shark fin, n. d. ).

Comparison Of Hobbes’ And Locke’s Political Philosophies Essay Example for Free

Comparison Of Hobbes And Lockes Political Philosophies EssayThomas Hobbes and John Locke ar both contemporary philosophers who were made notable for their political philosophies especi e precise(prenominal)y on argonas of orderment and the community. Although Hobbes was born forty one years ahead of Locke, both hold up agreed on certain roots and remained in contrast with others. In this paper we will try to compare the main philosophies held by Hobbes and Locke, focusing on their opinions on government, community, leadership and the c erstwhilept of amicable contract or covenant.This paper will also attempt to align the said philosophies in contemporary events particularly in the American life after(prenominal) September 11 attack. At the end of this paper, this author aims to establish the fact that Lockes political philosophies are more practical, consistent and acceptable over that of Hobbes. Hobbes and Locke are particularly interested in human beings and how they interact with the world. Both believing in the existence of God, they both insist that human beings need a leader- a feature of human community that is a vital element of their survival.1Without a leader, the country would fall away into energy. They until now differ on the type of leader that a community should have in order to survive. For Hobbes, theres only one man that should rule or govern the volume, and that is a king (Hobbes, Thomas 1994, p. 83). Hobbes maintains that it is only this king who should be presumptuousness the authority and the responsibility to write laws, make decision and consequently of controlling the battalion. In order for people to survive, people are therefore compelled to obey the commands of the linguistic rule, both in religious and government matters.Locke however believes the other way around. For John Locke, it is quite an the people who should run the government and not the king. Consequently, Locke points to the idea that the responsibil ity of uniting and taking care of the needs of the whole community lies in the hands of the people and not on the sole control of one person. Unlike Hobbes, Locke somehow points to a democratic form of government wherein the people are given the effective to participate in all affairs of the government including the responsibility of deciding what is best for the general public.Locke also suggests that the people should rather have to decide on who they wanted to rule over them. Moreover, since the power lies on the people, they have the right to overthrow a wicked convention in the same way as they have decided to have him seated in the position (Locke, John 1997, p. 22). Because Hobbes maintains authoritarian form of government, he insists that 1society could not exist withdraw by the power of the state. This is directly contrary to Lockes view that man is inherently a social being and thus has the need and the susceptibilityiness to interact with others.Hobbes idea and then simply would suggest that man is needfully a creature that cannot decide for him nor does he has the ability to name what is fair and what is perversive because he needs a ruler in order to establish a society. Moreover the statement suggests that man has to submit to an authority and after which all individual rights are gone and so man is compelled to obey. It is also important to note that Hobbes, in this aspect believes that man does not have the right to get up against the ruler since the latter is assumed to be someone who does all affairs good and lawful.For Hobbes, the right thing for man to do is to shut up and obey and once this is done, anyone does not have the right to kill the obedient one. Because the state is the supreme ruler in the society, the ruler then is assumed to be wise tolerable to the point that all his affairs, his views and decisions are deemed just. Hobbes also assumes that 1all of society is a direct creation of the state and a reflection of the w ill of the ruler. Locke however has a better and more practical idea that is obviously been the basis of most governments, especially those that employ the democratic form of government.On the notion of social contract, Locke believes that by giving up our rights to exact retribution for crimes, we are in return given the right to just, impartial protection of our properties and out lives (Harris, Ian 1994). congeneric to this, man politic retain his rights to life and liberty. The state, according to Locke has only one role, and that is 1to ensure that arbiter is seen to be done. The ruler therefore is necessarily not the sole decision maker in the society, rather he is just an instrument appointed by the general public to serve justice and maintain peace.The government therefore, as peacemakers should not be involved in any form of injustice or any act that may fire up peace in the society. Otherwise, Locke believes that the people are given the right to kill or overthrow the ruler. Although Hobbes is in favor of the unlimited power of the state, he confirm his point well by stating that the purpose of such unlimited power is to end all conflict and contention. Because he regarded people as creatures who are unable(predicate) of knowing what is good and evil, Hobbes believes that people have the tendency to freely live a material life which would result into conflict.Thus the avoid this, the state is given the sole and unlimited power over them. 1Both Hobbes and Locke believe that there is an implied contract between the state and the people as soon as a ruler is being placed in power. The difference however is that Locke regard that contract as something that impliedly sets the ruler as a judge over the affairs of the people while Hobbes set that contract as something that sets the ruler as a master of the people. Hobbes points out all contracts are binding, even if entered into from fear of violence or pain of death (Hobbes, 1994 p.86). Hobbes does maintains that man does not have the ability to recognize good from evil because he believes that good and evil are established and define by the will of the state (Hobbes, 1994 p. 28). This means that good and evil exist only because something or things are defined as such by the ruler. Hobbes then points to the idea that there exist no definite standard or basis for man to know what is the right thing to do and what is wrong. As with the idea of property and its ownership, Hobbes believes that the state is the one defining the property of somebody.Because man cannot discern good from evil, human beings without the state or the ruler cannot live in peace. Hobbes hike up assumes that peace can only exist and reign in a society when its people subject themselves to one absolute and common master. From here Hobbes might be suggesting that it is impossible for the world to experience peace since the world does have different rulers. On the other hand, Locke believes that humans inher ently has the capacity to discern what is good from evil and are therefore capable of knowing what is lawful and what is not.Most importantly, they are capable of telling the difference between what is theirs and what belongs to someone else (Locke, John 2002, p. 87). Locke however recognizes the fact that despite this inherent capacity and ability, humans act the other way around. In Lockes view, the only norm should be peace and nothing else (Cox, R. H. 1960, p. 32). Unlike Hobbes, Locke believes that man has the capacity to live in peace by refraining from hurting other and from molesting or invading their properties.Since man has the inherent capacity to discern what is good from evil, it not therefore impossible for the world to achieve peace even with the existence of different rulers. All rulers of different countries in the world are human beings who are supposed to be mature and wise enough to know what is best for their people. Because most of these rulers are elected by t he people, then it is probable that it is the general preference of the people that dominates the government affairs.I also agree with Locke that when the ruler placed by the people on the seat of power abuse his political powers, then the people have all the right to overthrow him and replace with somebody deserving. In the contemporary world, Hobbes and Lockes political theories can still be relevant especially that these have, in bulk, something to do with rights and liberties of the people and the role of the government on managing the lives of its people. After the September 11 attack, the American government has been very vigilant and has somehow gone beyond the normal process of ensuring the pledge of the Americans.Such security measures are so rigid and strict to the point that the freedom-loving Americans legal opinion there are losing much of their liberties. The government in defense ensures the public that such implementation of security measures plainly for national security. As for me, such measures are preferred because my security, that of my family and all Americans is of higher importance than my liberties. Let us remember that the role of the state is to ensure that justice is being served at all times, as Locke maintains.Part of serving justice is for the state to implement measures that see to it that nobody in its jurisdiction is being oppressed or hurt. To set up oversight cameras, place military men in public places, have everyones baggage inspected in airports, hotels or malls are part of security measures and I do not see anything that suggests these things to be invading anyones liberties. Besides what is liberty if we will all die under crumbles of another attack? The President has been elected by the people and it is assumed that his rule has the consent of the majority.The American people are wise enough to discern who the best person at the presidential seat is. By casting our votes, we are entrusting our security and the gen eral condition of the American people in the hands on the person we voted upon. To entrust our security to the elected President does not mean we are being robots who have nothing more to do but to shut up and obey as what Hobbes suggest. To have security measures implemented in public places does not at all violate our liberties and thus we do not need to regain them.I believe that the American government still acts within the limits of justice and that I still regard all measures to be actions wherein human security rather than vengeance is of higher priority. I believe that the American government has not yet failed with its task of protecting its people so we as citizens do not have yet the right to rebel or withdraw our support. Let us remember that failure to take its primary responsibility is the only requisite Locke has provided in order for the people to have reasons to rebel.We still have our full liberties with us and security measures are implemented in order to regain o ne thing we have lost in the 911 attack justice.BIBLIOGRAPHYCox, R. H. Locke on War and Peace. OUP Oxford, 1960. Harris, Ian. The Mind of John Locke. CUP Cambridge, 1994. An excellent contextual analysis of the political and religious wit of Lockes Britain. Hobbes, Thomas. The Leviathan. Ed. Edwin Curley. Indianapolis Hacket. 1994. Locke, John. Essay on the Law of Nature. In Political Writings. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Ed. Mark Goldie. CUP Cambridge, 2002. 1Locke versus Hobbes. 24 November 2007. http//www. jim. com/hobbes. htm Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Ed. Peter Laslett. CUP Cambridge, 1997. Locke, John. Two Tracts on Government. In Political Writings. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Ed. Mark Goldie. CUP Cambridge, 2002.

Health care challenges Essay Example for Free

Health care challenges EssayOur country is set to face a new way of managing health which could potentially change the environment on how suck ins deliver care. As our nation prepares for the implementation of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, care for as a healing profession has to be open to what the future of health management holds. The goal is to have all registered nurses reach a high level of judgment and acquire tools necessary to provide the best possible way at a low cost. It is both moral and professional obligation of our leaders to picture that highly competent and well trained nurses are available throughout this transition.To achieve this goal, nurse educators are the key players to train both novice and season nurses to the change based on the new policies and evidence-based research. However, our Nurse Educators are overwhelmed with their current workload hence causing faculty shortage in the country.A new study published on 2011 aimed to explor e the relation of nursing faculty shortage to their workload, determine if there are evidences that the faculty workload is not frank and the implication/effect to the nursing research and nursing academic. According to this study, there are multiple factors that influence the nursing faculty shortage such as lack of interest from the nurses to try academic careers, time spends to clinical practice defers pursuance into academic positions, low salaries, high educational costs, nursing education dissatisfaction and close to importantly low institutional funding for additional nurse educator positions.Nancy Falk stated in her article that despite current critical shortage and growing demand for nurses and nurse educators, federal funding falls far short of addressing these healthcare workforce challenges. Workforce projections suggest that the US will face a shortage of 285,000 nurses by 2015 and 500, 000 by 2025. (Mason, Leavitt Chaffee, 2012, p 58). Also, American Association C olleges of Nursing reported on 2011-2012, that nursing schools turned away 75,587 applicants who are qualified for bachelors degree and graduate nursing programs because of inadequate nursing faculty including clinical preceptors.These challenges ultimately impact the future of patient care if not addressed. Faculty leaders moldiness work in partnership to create a strategy that will help prevent further faculty shortage by focusing on balanced faculty workload to avoid burnout. This article emphasized on the continuous support by government officials especially adequate funding to nursing education.AACN is allocating its resources to protect federal funding for academic development programs, identify strategies to prevent nursing educator shortage. Additional solution is to create a mentorship program for nurse faculty. This strategy was confirmed by various literature and studies to promote nursing faculty recruitment and retention. Mentorship brings encouragement and direction to clinical educators who are new to the graphic symbol and prevent burnout.Health care system will be lost without nurses in our society. Statistic shows that there are currently 2.9 million nurses in the United States simply nurses with special skills such as in education is extremely needed. Nurse Educators, in some ways, affect the lives of everyone. It is through this role where highly competent, compassionate healers such as nurses are produced. The future of the nursing profession depends on a steady supply of nurses to provide the quality care to patients (Cowen Moorhead, 2011, p. 60)

Positive reinforcement within the classroom

Positive funding within the classroomPositive living within the classroom. prep atomic number 18room management and discipline is the most ch whollyenging aspect of direction (Yost Mosa, 2002). Aksoy (2003) describes classroom environment as multifaceted, simultaneous, fast occurring, and unpredictable. This environment actor that at any time, instructors encounter to attend to a vast range of pupil reads fairly and consistently. (Edwards 2003). It is hence all-important(a) t each(prenominal)ers implement and refine strategies foc exploitation on reducing doingsal expels in order to maximise potential for discipline and ensure smooth classroom practise.Due to the annexd diversity of pupils in schools teachers now encounter a much wider range of behavioral difficulties in an mediocre class, this is partly as a result of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (Quinn et al., 2001). Interestingly the most common entreat for assistance from teachers relates to doings and classroom management (Rose Gallup 2005). Disruptions in class take up students valuable learning time and decreases potential learning opportunities of the class. (Witzel Mercer Miller 2003, Cains Brown, 1996)Teachers who regularly encounter problematic behaviour often report increased amounts of stress and frustration (Browers Tomic, 2000). This in some circumstances chiffonier halt teachers question their capability for their role (witzel, Miller and Mercer 2003). The importance of classroom management in reinforced by Shinn, Ramsey, Walker, Stieber, ONeill (1987) who found classrooms frequently experiencing behavioural disruptions had little time engaging in learning, and pupils tended to leave school with lower grades comp ared to peers.Within the literature it is clear that there is a wide spectrum of strategies apply by teachers to increase forcefulness of behaviour management strategies. Some educators argue strong discipline and climb limits are mos t effective, others assume creating an exciting curriculum works best. tout ensemble strategies highlight the importance on how to fare, pupil responsibilities and adhering to class and friendly norms. It is too clear that many of the strategies identified have a basis embedded in psychological principle. These include behavioural, psychodynamic, biological and informational approaches. It has often been disputed how best to apply psychological theory to classroom practice. This review will counsel on the routine of tyrannical reinforcement in classroom management. Theories will be discussed, appreciated and related to classroom practice.What defines Positive reinforcement?Positive reinforcement refers to the implementation of irresponsible stimuli to desirable behaviour. Described by Skinner (1938) as operant conditioning, it is employ to increase the probability of desired behaviour occurring again (Fontana 1994). It is most effective if implemented immediately after de sired behaviour occurs and often used as a behaviour management strategy. It can be applied through with(predicate) social cues (a simple smile), positive feedback and reward/sanction systems and best used alongside a classroom context (rules and routines). Theoretical basis of positive reinforcement behavioral theories have been highly influential to positive reinforcement in the classroom, although they have not always been highly regarded by the educational community (Axelrod 1997). Nevertheless the use of positive reinforcement appears frequently within literature regarding behaviour management. It is important to identify principles underlying positive reinforcement and the criticisms to these theories. Also how these core behavioural principles can be converted to classroom practise and the issues surrounding implementing techniques.The first major contribution to positive reinforcement was Edward Thorndikes Law effect (1911) which implies behaviour that generates positive e ffects on the environment are more likely to be continued (Miltenburger, 2008). This implied reinforcement and praise cultivate essential role in mold behaviour. Shortly after this Watson (1913) describes Behaviourism. He bases his theory on the understanding that behaviour is learned and therefore can be unlearned. Behavioural transfigures are therefore due to environmental circumstances (Miltenberger 2008).Ivan Pavlov (1927) describes Classical conditioning, in which a stimulation is linked to a naturally occurring response that occurs with a different stimulus to evoke an unnatural response. This manifests in a classroom scenario such as using a finger click to attract oversight. It is a strategy used to consistently hint students to stop working. This example explains a conditioned behaviour in which pupils have been taught to behave in a specific manor to an misrelated cue. Much of his work at the time was conducted on animals within Laboratories.B.F. Skinners research h as been large in the development of positive reinforcement (Labrador 2004). He argued that positive reinforcement was more effective than punishment when trying to modify behaviour. Through his study he identifies operant conditioning which explains how reinforcement and punishment play a key role in the recurrence of behaviour. He explains how behaviour that is consistently reinforced with praise/ rewards will occur more often. He identifies phoebe bird obstacles that inhibit childrens ability to learn. These included fear of failure, complication of task, clarity, direction and lack of reinforcement (Frisoli 2008). Additionally he recognises techniques such as breaking tasks down, tell directions and giving positive reinforcement (Frisoli 2008).Classroom research that followed was based on his findings. Studies focused on adults childrearing (Baumrind, 1971) and children in a Laboratory setting (Kenney Willicut, 1964 Soloman, 1964). Most studies found reward to be more effecti ve at managing and influencing behaviour. Bandura (1965) explains these findings as a product of childrens previous conditioned responses to reward and punishment, influencing its victory in class.The Importance of Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement refers to any event that follows a behaviour used to increase the chances of the behaviour reoccurring. It can similarly be used to motivate students. (Domjam 2003). Bracey (1994) states 15 years of research have confirmed that reinforcing behaviour can increase the likelihood that the behaviour will be performed under subsequent non-rewarded conditions. Similarly Miltenberger (2008) states disruptive behaviours can be controlled or eliminated with behavioural intervention (p11). Due to this considerable research has been conducted into the application of positive reinforcement in schools. It is used to further teaching methods, control in portion behaviours and improve social and functional skills (Miltenberger, 2008).Positi ve reinforcement techniques have however been perceived to stake individuals freedoms (maag 2001). Society perceives reinforcement as externally applied to an individual with the aim of coercing behaviour and leading them to become dependable on unessential reinforcement (maag 2001). Although an understandable concern, Akin- teeny-weeny, Eckert, Lovett (2004) describe these concerns as unwarranted. Studies have found positive reinforcement to increase intrinsic motif (Cameron, Banko, Pierce, 2001), especially rewards based on run across a performance objective (Eisenberger, Pierce, Cameron 1999).Conroy et al (2009) describes how teacher reactions play a significant role in influencing students behaviour, pupils will try to gain attention through predictable behaviour linked to common teacher reactions. For example, a teacher who focuses attention simply on disruptive behaviour will cause children to behave in a disruptive manor in order to gain the teachers attention. Teache rs should use positive attention within feedback to influence desired behaviour (Conroy et al 2009). Chityo Wheeler (2009) highlight the importance of using positive reinforcement with pupils that show signs of behavioural difficulties. Due to the nature of their difficulties and the disruptive effect on the class it is shrill to positively reinforce desired behaviour for these students (Chityo Wheeler 2009).Positive reinforcement in the classroom.ConsequencesPositive reinforcement influences desired behaviour, ignoring undesired behaviour decreases the chance of it reoccurring (Conroy et al, 2009). Rules and routines are used to counter unsuitable behaviour. They establish behavioural context for the classroom and instruct pupils on expected behaviour and the consequences if inadmit behaviour continues (Colvin et al., 1993). This method of instructing behavioural expectations is used in nearly e truly school and vital to creating a productive learning environment. Chitiyo Whee ler (2009) expand on this by explaining how appropriate behaviour can be established through modelling desired behaviour and by building naturally occurring reinforcement within the classroom environment. This involves managing inappropriate behaviour through consequences (Mather Goldstien, 2001). Rules and routines play a significant role in determining a context for consequences to be applied throughout the classroom. Consequences play a fundamental role in managing classroom behaviour and creative a positive learning environment. These are highly valuable tools used to encourage learning and prevent problem behaviour (Conroy, Sutherland, snyder, al- Hendawai and Vo 2009).Consequences should be used to further learning and stop disruptive behaviour occurring (mather Goldstien 2001). Mather and Goldstien (2001) describe a consequence approach to managing behaviour. This involves defining the problem, underdeveloped a behaviour plan, identifying an effective reinforcement and con stantly reinforcing desired behaviour. Reinforcement should occur soon after the desired behaviour occurs and used to teach appropriate behaviour, social and communication skills (Mather Goldstien 2001). Teachers mustiness select consequences that are relevant and strengthen behaviour. Bushell (1973) refers to irrelevant consequences as neutral consequences that do not affect behaviour. It is important for teachers to evaluate use of reinforcements to make sure consequences are positively reinforcing behaviour of all individuals (Bushell 1973). Positive feedbackSocial reinforcement is significant to all childrens development and very common within the classroom. Social cues including walking around the class, smiling, complimenting or commenting are vital in increasing and maintaining positive behaviours. These can be implemented verbally I like the way your group is working, Written Great or through expressions such as clapping or nodding. Skinner (1953) suggests that pupils need significant amounts of social reinforcement and positive attention in the first few years of school. He argues it establishes several generalised social enforcers including attention, approval, affection and submissiveness. It also come ons confidence and responsibility within children.Convoy (2009) found praise can improve the whole class environment. Effective praise increases positive behaviours and interactions with pupils and teachers. (Convoy et al 2009) Infantino Little (2005) describe a range of important principles governing praise Praise should be initiated by the teacher, dependent upon desired behaviour, focusing on improvement, age appropriate and structured around individual needs. These different principles describe a wide range of factors that together determine the effectiveness of praise. Despite this huge range of significant factors Smith Rivera (1993) show how praise is most effective overall, applied to specific behaviour. In the literature behaviour specif ic praise has been linked to positive outcomes for students and a decrease in negative behaviour. (Thomas, Becker Madsen 1968, Ramsey, Walker Gresham 2004) Most importantly praise has been shown to increase student motivation (OLeary Becker 1969) and have positive effects on teaching reading and maths (Gable Shores 1980).Morrison and Jones (2007) addressed the topic of Positive Peer Reporting. This positive action of saying positive things about pupils peers reduced tension, negative feelings and promote positivity throughout the class. An example of this in class is star of the week or show and tell time. This shows how praise is not just teacher orientated, but in fact can be applied throughout the class in a variety of different ways. This can help promote more learning within the class, specifically areas of development etc social skills/ personality. Despite this the effectiveness of praise in diverse classrooms is questionable due to individual differences and former exper iences of praise (Lam, Yim and Ng 2008).Infantino Little (2005) noted students preferred to receive praise for good work privately, as they prefer not to be singled out. This may infer that in school there are underlying cultural perceptions within children that performing well is a bad thing or something to be ashamed of. Teachers can combat this by using group praise/rewards or by offering a range of rewards to individualize rewards and increase motivation. Praise is a good example of a comm only used environmental event used to reinforce students behavior (Brophy, 1981). big studies suggest teachers do not praise good behavior as much as they could (Wehby, Symons, canale go 1998).Rewards systemsSchools have used external rewards to manage behavior for many decades. The use of rewards for good behavior is directly related to academic and social success (Slavin 1997). On the contrary some evidence suggests that expectations of rewards can disobey intrinsic motivation (Holt 1983 , Deci, Koestner, Ryan 1999). A reward is defined as the offering of an environmental event in exchange for participation or achievement (Craighead, Kazdin Mahoney, 1981). To successfully shape problematic behavior students must comprehend and accept rewards used to reinforce behavior. Pupils perception of a good reward has been shown to change with age (Shreeve, Boddington, Bernard, Brown, Clarke Dean, Elkins, Kemp, Lees, Miller, Oakley, Shiret 2000). This can have a major impact on the effectiveness of using reward systems. To combat this issue, Infantino Little (2005) state rewards should be in return agreed by students and teachers, realistic and deliverable.Rewards can help define behavioral expectations, recognize positive behavior and provide a safe, consistent school environment (Shreeve et al 2002). This provides students with a sense of community and self belonging which increases opportunities for learning (Zimmerman 1989). Rewards are significant in helping motivate c hildren with reading, Maths and social skills (Reiss, 2005). Research suggests reward systems are effective at improving behavior (Clifton Cook, 2012). A wide range of factors contribute to the overall effectiveness of using classroom rewards. These include perceived fairness, providing choices of reward, establishing a sense of community and individualizing reward systems. It is important that teachers evaluate their strategy to make sure these factors influence how reward strategies are implemented through school.Barriers to application of positive reinforcement.While implementing positive reinforcement within the classroom teachers face several barriers. Briesch and Chafouleas (2009) identifies that a lack of time and resources means teachers are unable to reinforce all desired behaviour within the class. Also there is a danger that the teacher becomes an unconditioned stimuli resulting in children only acting in specific ways in teacher presence (Briesch and Chafouleas 2009). R einke, Lewis-Palmer Merrell (2008) describe Locus of control being taken away from children when using lush positive reinforcement, this resulting in a loss of intrinsic motivation. It is therefore crucial that teachers evaluate how productive their strategies are in their specific class.Another major issue within the literature is that when a child is rewarded for completion of a task many times, they tend to lose interest in the actual task and focus more on gaining the reward at the end. (Kohn 1993) this can seriously impact the learning environment and have adverse individualised effects on their attention processing systems (Hidi 1990). Also noted within literature is that teachers can considerably make bad use of reinforcement and as a consequence, unintentionally reinforce negative behaviour. For example sending a student outside for bad behaviour removes the child from the unwanted stimuli (work) and reinforces their behaviour because they have achieved their goal (not ha ving to work). This means the underlying behaviour will most likely be repeated (Maag 2001).Another important fact to consider is that due to the culture of schools, and behaviour deemed appropriate, therefore reinforced, all children are being taught (reinforced) the same information subsided by the small group of individuals who write the national curriculum. This does not promote individual learning and must surely have detrimental effects on the diversity and individualisation amongst the general population.ConclusionThe use of positive reinforcement is based on a strong amount of literature that suggests behaviour is reinforced by contingent rewards. Most noticeable within laboratory experiments based on animals and food, positive reinforcement has become widely accepted as a behavioural modification strategy/tool. Due to the increasing range of pupils abilities in the average classroom teachers have to incorporate and build upon strategies that successfully promote progressio n with the vast majority of abilities encountered. In a class setting, strong rules and routines provide book of instructions to pupils that are used to direct behaviour. Verbal prompting of these rules can drastically increase the effectiveness of reinforcement.Consequences, rewards and positive feedback are used as an effective motivation tool and can supply incentives for behaving in specific ways, effectively influencing a wide range of decisions in the classroom. Praise is highly regarded by individuals and important to development of the self and social awareness. It has the ability to motivate students and build self confidence. To use reinforcement effectively through rewards, pupils must not become motivated solely by the reward, losing their intrinsic motivation can have adverse effects on individual motivation. To combat this reinforcement must be individualised for each child and teachers should incorporate a wide variety of reinforcement strategies into their classroom management strategy. It is important to note that how teachers apply positive can ultimately decide its effectiveness within the class. Strategies should be refined and built upon as children within the class develop or the teacher is at risk of reducing the effectiveness of reinforcement and sometimes impacting negatively of their education.Positive reinforcement plays a fundamental role in creating a positive learning environment for all pupils. It is important it is used correctly and this involves reinforcing desired behaviour, not disruptive behaviour. Therefore it is important I use positive reinforcement in my own teaching by utilizing rewards, praise and sanctions to build a safe environment centred to learning. I will incorporate different reinforcement strategies into my teaching. The use of peer group feedback and praise is easily applied to pupils self assessment of the lesson and can help build social relations within the class environment to further learning. intellig ence agency 2843